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25th July 2025
5 minutes read
A new study published by researchers from the University of Oxford, the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), CIFOR-ICRAF, and institutional partners reveals a disconnect between media and public perceptions on the risks of consuming wild meat in Central Africa during COVID-19 and sheds light on the complex relationship between media reporting, community beliefs, and behaviour change — offering important lessons for wildlife management and public health strategies.
Key findings:
- COVID-19 increased media coverage of wild meat, and the discourse focused on disease risk.
- The news sometimes influenced people in Central Africa to shift their perceptions and stated consumption patterns, but there were several important disconnects:
- Respondents generally trusted information sources other than journalists (e.g. personal experience and wild meat sellers), and the media did not always present evidence in their coverage.
- Support for wild meat bans in response to COVID-19 was mixed. Less than half of respondents in Cameroon (43%) and DRC (49%) supported a ban, though in DRC it far exceeded opposition (19%).
- In addition to disease risk, the price and availability of wild or domestic meat were key factors influencing decisions.
- If policymakers want to reduce demand for wild meat, they will need to employ trustworthy communication strategies and increase the availability of safe meat alternatives.
Perceptions of wild meat in the media
“Media articles tended to emphasise the risks of a virus spill-over from wild meat to humans,” said lead author Yuhan Li, DPhil Student at the University of Oxford’s Department of Biology. “However, our results show that people’s perceptions were more influenced by their personal experience, and that their food choices were largely determined by the price and availability of wild and domestic meats.”
Wild meat is a significant source of food and income generation in Central Africa. However, little is known of how the assumed link between COVID-19 and wild meat consumption has been discussed by the media and received by the public.
COVID-19 brought increased media attention to wild meat consumption and changed public perceptions and stated consumption behaviours related to meat consumption in Central Africa. Researchers analysed over 260 media articles from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Gabon, and the Republic of Congo alongside phone surveys of 3,600+ people in Cameroon and DRC.
The study found that although media coverage often emphasised disease risks associated with wild meat (61% of articles that discussed zoonotic risks), public beliefs were more nuanced. In fact, a significant share of respondents viewed domesticated red meat — not wild meat — as the riskiest protein source for disease. Additionally, while nearly half of Cameroonian respondents reported eating less wild meat due to health concerns, one-third of DRC respondents said they increased consumption due to the scarcity and cost of alternatives.
Changing consumption through communication
Research on social perceptions around wild meat is critical for informing interventions that are both culturally appropriate and effective. Bans on trading wild meat were widely discussed in the media as a potential policy response to COVID-19, but there was a lack of consensus among respondents that this would be the most appropriate policy: views were divided in Cameroon, while support was stronger in DRC and opposition lower.
“If we want to shift behaviours around wild meat consumption in Central Africa, we need to start by listening. Top-down bans or generic health warnings rarely work. What makes the difference are approaches grounded in real community needs and motivations, positive campaigns built on evidence, amplified by trusted local voices, and supported by viable alternatives. And that means alternatives not just for consumers, but also for others along the value chain, like vendors. Without options on the supply side, even the most promising interventions risk being undermined,” explains Lude Kinzonzi (Wildlife Conservation Society), one of the co-authors.
The authors call for evidence-based communication campaigns, collaboration with trusted local influencers, and targeted, context-specific policy measures.
These should be complemented by expanding access to safe and affordable wild meat substitutes, and by investing in stronger local institutions, law enforcement, and monitoring systems. A multifaceted approach can help achieve both biodiversity conservation and human health outcomes, particularly in regions where wild meat remains a critical component of food security and livelihoods.
To read more about this research, published in People and Nature, visit: https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/pan3.70094
We extend our thanks to all partners and collaborators at the Ecole Régionale Postuniversitaire d’Aménagement et de Gestion intégrés des Forêts et Territoires tropicaux (ERAIFT) in DRC, the Institut de Recherches en Écologie Tropicale (IRET) in Gabon, and the University of Stirling for their invaluable support in carrying out this research. This study was funded by the UK Research and Innovation’s Global Challenges Research Fund (UKRI GCRF) through the Trade, Development and the Environment Hub, and the Darwin Initiative through the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED).
Author
I love people too. This passion led me to study Philosophy, Politics, and Economics during my undergraduate years, exploring the complexities of the human world. As an extrovert, I love connecting with people from different cultures. Growing up in China, I was lucky to experience exchange programs in the U.S., France, Australia, and Japan, living with wonderful host families and gaining firsthand insights into cultural differences and shared values.
A major turning point came after graduation when I worked with Shanshui Conservation Center on the Tibetan Plateau, including in China’s first national park. I collaborated with local communities to conserve snow leopards and develop sustainable income programs. The snow leopards seemed to like me—I once encountered seven wild individuals in a single day, a moment I believe to be a world record!
Completing the MPhil in Biodiversity, Conservation and Management with ICCS was another milestone, where I grew as an interdisciplinary researcher. Now, I’m thrilled to return to ICCS for a DPhil. Conserving Earth’s biodiversity and fostering human-nature coexistence has always been my wildest dream, and I hope this DPhil will give me the tools to make it a reality.
Prior to my time at Oxford, I worked extensively in China, addressing topics such as biodiversity monitoring, human-wildlife conflict, ecotourism, citizen science, and urban ecosystem recovery. I am particularly interested in interdisciplinary approaches that integrate nature and humans to achieve sustainable conservation outcomes.
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Author
Following my Ph.D. at the University of Kent, I worked for the IUCN Secretariat where I led the organisation’s contribution to CITES and broader illegal wildlife trade work, prior to joining the University of Oxford. In 2012, I re-formed the IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group and served as Chair of the group until early 2021. I now serve as CITES focal point for this group. I am also a member of the IUCN CEESP/SSC Sustainable Use and Livelihoods Specialist Group (SULi).
I was the lead editor of Pangolins: Science, Society and Conservation, the first major volume on pangolins and their conservation, published by Academic Press in 2020.
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E.J. Milner-Gulland is Tasso Leventis Professor of Biodiversity at the University of Oxford. Previously she was Professor of Conservation Science at Imperial College London, and she has also held lectureships in Resource Economics and Mathematical Ecology. Her PhD, at Imperial College London, was on the wildlife trade, with a focus on ivory, rhino horn and saiga antelopes. Her research group, the Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, undertakes a wide range of research, outreach and engagement projects, on five continents and in both marine and terrestrial settings. These include developing and applying methods for understanding, predicting, and influencing human behaviour in the context of local resource use in developing countries, and working with businesses to improve their environmental and social sustainability. Her team also works on controlling the illegal trade in wildlife and on designing, monitoring and evaluating conservation interventions in order to improve their effectiveness. She aims to ensure that all the research in her group is addressing issues identified by practitioners, and is carried out collaboratively with end-users, and builds the capacity of young conservationists, particularly in developing countries. She is the founder and chair of the Saiga Conservation Alliance and has launched a number of initiatives which aim to change the real-world conversation around conservation, including the Conservation Hierarchy approach to meeting a global vision of restoring nature and the Conservation Optimism movement. She is the Chair of the UK Government's Darwin Expert Committee and a Trustee of WWF-UK
Finally, I am passionate about the conservation ecology of the saiga antelope in Central Asia, and co-founded the Saiga Conservation Alliance in 2006.
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